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Climate change and its consequences for water and wastewater management

Peter A. WILDERER

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第1期页码 1-1 doi: 10.1007/s11783-009-0001-z

摘要： Life, in combination with solar radiation and abiotic processes, is most probably the reason why liquid water has existed on Earth for over billions of years, and the global mean temperature has remained in a life-enabling range. Efforts to limit or even reverse global warming must be derived from the knowledge of the Earth’s complex life-support system. In this context, the balance between liquid and gaseous water plays a crucial role, and water management becomes an important field of innovation and action, globally, on the scale of watersheds but also on the very local level. Cascading use, reuse, and temporary storage of water in urban settings must be considered to limit over-extraction of water from natural resources, and to maintain the life supporting function of ecosystems. At the same time, public health requirements, cost efficiency, and reliability demands are to be met.

关键词： ecosystem management tools self-regulation urbanization water-climate relationship water reuse

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Phylogenetic diversity of NO reductases, new tools for monitoring, and insights into NO production in

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第10期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1562-3

摘要：

● 548 representative nor genes were collected to create complete phylogenetic trees.

关键词： N₂O Greenhouse gas NO reductase NO dismutase Primer Crystal structure

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Edge preparation methods for cutting tools: a review

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-023-0766-y

摘要： Edge preparation can remove cutting edge defects, such as burrs, chippings, and grinding marks, generated in the grinding process and improve the cutting performance and service life of tools. Various edge preparation methods have been proposed for different tool matrix materials, geometries, and application requirements. This study presents a scientific and systematic review of the development of tool edge preparation technology and provides ideas for its future development. First, typical edge characterization methods, which associate the microgeometric characteristics of the cutting edge with cutting performance, are briefly introduced. Then, edge preparation methods for cutting tools, in which materials at the cutting edge area are removed to decrease defects and obtain a suitable microgeometry of the cutting edge for machining, are discussed. New edge preparation methods are explored on the basis of existing processing technologies, and the principles, advantages, and limitations of these methods are systematically summarized and analyzed. Edge preparation methods are classified into two categories: mechanical processing methods and nontraditional processing methods. These methods are compared from the aspects of edge consistency, surface quality, efficiency, processing difficulty, machining cost, and general availability. In this manner, a more intuitive understanding of the characteristics can be gained. Finally, the future development direction of tool edge preparation technology is prospected.

关键词： edge preparation method preparation principle cutting edge geometry edge characterization tool performance

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并联机床后置处理器的开发及实验研究

李铁民,叶佩青,汪劲松

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第12期页码 80-86

摘要：

以六自由度6-TPS型并联机床为模型，阐述了机床控制数据的生成原理和流程；以此为基础，规划了后置处理器的功能和整体结构。对若干关键技术进行了研究和探讨，包括基于参数化二进制格式的内部数据传输，基于刀轴矢量的笛卡儿空间粗插补算法，三维和二维刀具半径补偿，刀位文件的预处理以及加工代码的词法和语法检查等。最后介绍了利用本系统进行的切削实验，验证了系统的工程实用性。

关键词：并联机床后置处理算法后置处理器

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Coupling evaluation for material removal and thermal control on precision milling machine tools

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第17卷第1期页码 12-12 doi: 10.1007/s11465-021-0668-9

摘要： Machine tools are one of the most representative machining systems in manufacturing. The energy consumption of machine tools has been a research hotspot and frontier for green low-carbon manufacturing. However, previous research merely regarded the material removal (MR) energy as useful energy consumption and ignored the useful energy consumed by thermal control (TC) for maintaining internal thermal stability and machining accuracy. In pursuit of energy-efficient, high-precision machining, more attention should be paid to the energy consumption of TC and the coupling relationship between MR and TC. Hence, the cutting energy efficiency model considering the coupling relationship is established based on the law of conservation of energy. An index of energy consumption ratio of TC is proposed to characterize its effect on total energy usage. Furthermore, the heat characteristics are analyzed, which can be adopted to represent machining accuracy. Experimental study indicates that TC is the main energy-consuming process of the precision milling machine tool, which overwhelms the energy consumption of MR. The forced cooling mode of TC results in a 7% reduction in cutting energy efficiency. Regression analysis shows that heat dissipation positively contributes 54.1% to machining accuracy, whereas heat generation negatively contributes 45.9%. This paper reveals the coupling effect of MR and TC on energy efficiency and machining accuracy. It can provide a foundation for energy-efficient, high-precision machining of machine tools.

关键词： machine tools cutting energy efficiency thermal stability machining accuracy coupling evaluation

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Operando modeling and measurements: Powerful tools for revealing the mechanism of alkali carbonate-based

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 380-389 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0872-x

摘要： Alkali carbonate-based sorbents (ACSs), including Na₂CO₃- and K₂CO₃-based sorbents, are promising for CO₂ capture. However, the complex sorbent components and operation conditions lead to the versatile kinetics of CO₂ sorption on these sorbents. This paper proposed that operando modeling and measurements are powerful tools to understand the mechanism of sorbents in real operating conditions, facilitating the sorbent development, reactor design, and operation parameter optimization. It reviewed the theoretical simulation achievements during the development of ACSs. It elucidated the findings obtained by utilizing density functional theory (DFT) calculations, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, and classical molecular dynamics (CMD) simulations as well. The hygroscopicity of sorbent and the humidity of gas flow are crucial to shifting the carbonation reaction from the gas−solid mode to the gas−liquid mode, boosting the kinetics. Moreover, it briefly introduced a machine learning (ML) approach as a promising method to aid sorbent design. Furthermore, it demonstrated a conceptual compact operando measurement system in order to understand the behavior of ACSs in the real operation process. The proposed measurement system includes a micro fluidized-bed (MFB) reactor for kinetic analysis, a multi-camera sub-system for 3D particle movement tracking, and a combined Raman and IR sub-system for solid/gas components and temperature monitoring. It is believed that this system is useful to evaluate the real-time sorbent performance, validating the theoretical prediction and promoting the industrial scale-up of ACSs for CO₂ capture.

关键词： CO₂ capture carbonation theoretical modeling operando techniques reaction visualization

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战略性新兴产业政府引导方式创新研究

韦结余,薛澜,周源

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第4期页码 18-22 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.04.003

摘要：

“十二五”以来，我国战略性新兴产业取得了长足发展，对于转变经济增长方式、调整产业结构、稳定经济增长发挥了重要作用，但仍然存在产业关键核心技术缺乏、资源配置分散、体制机制不完善、配套设施发展滞后等问题。“十三五”期间，战略性新兴产业的引导方式需要进行创新，要改变以政府为主导的传统发展模式，建立以“市场为主导，政府引导”的新型发展模式。总体来看，战略性新兴产业的发展应该运用新的创新治理工具，完善战略性新兴产业治理体系建设，推进战略性新兴产业创新能力建设，促进“十三五”时期战略性新兴产业的发展。

关键词：战略性新兴产业政府引导创新治理体系创新能力创新治理工具

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PathogenTrack and Yeskit: tools for identifying intracellular pathogens from single-cell RNA-sequencing

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第2期页码 251-262 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0915-9

摘要： Pathogenic microbes can induce cellular dysfunction, immune response, and cause infectious disease and other diseases including cancers. However, the cellular distributions of pathogens and their impact on host cells remain rarely explored due to the limited methods. Taking advantage of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis, we can assess the transcriptomic features at the single-cell level. Still, the tools used to interpret pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi) at the single-cell level remain to be explored. Here, we introduced PathogenTrack, a python-based computational pipeline that uses unmapped scRNA-seq data to identify intracellular pathogens at the single-cell level. In addition, we established an R package named Yeskit to import, integrate, analyze, and interpret pathogen abundance and transcriptomic features in host cells. Robustness of these tools has been tested on various real and simulated scRNA-seq datasets. PathogenTrack is competitive to the state-of-the-art tools such as Viral-Track, and the first tools for identifying bacteria at the single-cell level. Using the raw data of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples (BALF) from COVID-19 patients in the SRA database, we found the SARS-CoV-2 virus exists in multiple cell types including epithelial cells and macrophages. SARS-CoV-2-positive neutrophils showed increased expression of genes related to type I interferon pathway and antigen presenting module. Additionally, we observed the Haemophilus parahaemolyticus in some macrophage and epithelial cells, indicating a co-infection of the bacterium in some severe cases of COVID-19. The PathogenTrack pipeline and the Yeskit package are publicly available at GitHub.

关键词： scRNA-seq intracellular pathogen microbe COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2

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美国联邦政府机构技术预测工具应用态势分析

孙棕檀,李云,李浩悦,特日格乐

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第5期页码 92-96 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.05.016

摘要：

美国国防分析研究所发布的《美国联邦政府技术预测工具应用现状与潜在应用》研究报告对美国联邦政府机构技术预测工作开展现状进行了梳理，对联邦政府机构期望拥有的技术预测工具能力进行了分析。本文在此基础上，对联邦政府机构技术预测工具的应用态势进行了总结，为我国开发相应技术预测工具提供参考与借鉴。

关键词：美国联邦政府机构技术预测工具自动化

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数控机床精度评价新方法

赵万华,张俊,刘辉,杨晓君

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第1期页码 93-98

摘要：

传统的定位精度与重复定位精度等指标是在准静态下评价数控机床（CNC）性能的，无法反映数控机床在运动和加工过程中的精度。首先从数控机床的数控、伺服、机械等环节在服役态下所表现出来的性能出发，提出一种对数控机床更有针对性的，以运动精度为指标的机床精度评价新方法，通过数控指令与运动轴实际位移的符合程度即运动精度来评价机床精度，然后给出了具体的评价指标，并提出了评价指标的测量方法。分析表明，这种新的机床运动精度描述评价方法能够系统、全面地评价数控机床关键性能的优劣。最后从数控、伺服和机械角度分别阐述了影响运动精度的因素。

关键词：数控机床运动精度评价指标影响因素

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战略性新兴产业国外经典政策工具分析——政府采购与补贴政策

许冠南,王秀芹,潘美娟,周源

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第4期页码 113-120 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.04.017

摘要：

当前，战略性新兴产业已经成为一国产业结构升级和抢占世界经济发展制高点的关键，世界各国纷纷将新兴产业的发展提升到国家战略高度，应用各种政策工具大力推动新兴产业加速发展。研究国外为促进新兴产业发展做出的重要举措对我国制定相应政策具有重要的借鉴作用。本文重点分析了发达国家为了推进新兴产业发展所采用的政府采购与政府补贴两种经典政策工具，以期为我国培育发展战略性新兴产业提供参考。

关键词：新兴产业政策工具政府采购政府补贴产业政策分析

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大埋深富水砂卵石地层泥水盾构带压换刀及动火焊接技术

程明亮,何峰,吕传田

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第12期页码 46-50

摘要：

通过北京铁路地下直径线工程盾构施工实践经验，总结了大埋深富水砂卵石地层泥水盾构施工中带压换刀技术以及特殊情况下的带压动火焊接技术。带压换刀的技术主要有两个方面:一是选择合理换刀地点及进舱工作压力，保证掌子面土体的稳定；二是进行开挖舱高浓度泥浆的置换和中盾高浓度泥浆的注入，有效地防止了气体的逃逸。在施工中成功实现了带压进舱250余次，工作压力从0.9 bar (1 bar=100 kPa)增加到2.8 bar，未发生任何安全事故。

关键词：泥水盾构砂卵石地层富水地层带压换刀焊接

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Cutting performance of surgical electrodes by constructing bionic microstriped structures

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-022-0728-9

摘要： Surgical electrodes rely on thermal effect of high-frequency current and are a widely used medical tool for cutting and coagulating biological tissue. However, tissue adhesion on the electrode surface and thermal injury to adjacent tissue are serious problems in surgery that can affect cutting performance. A bionic microstriped structure mimicking a banana leaf was constructed on the electrode via nanosecond laser surface texturing, followed by silanization treatment, to enhance lyophobicity. The effect of initial, simple grid-textured, and bionic electrodes with different wettabilities on tissue adhesion and thermal injury were investigated using horizontal and vertical cutting modes. Results showed that the bionic electrode with high lyophobicity can effectively reduce tissue adhesion mass and thermal injury depth/area compared with the initial electrode. The formation mechanism of adhered tissue was discussed in terms of morphological features, and the potential mechanism for antiadhesion and heat dissipation of the bionic electrode was revealed. Furthermore, we evaluated the influence of groove depth on tissue adhesion and thermal injury and then verified the antiadhesion stability of the bionic electrode. This study demonstrates a promising approach for improving the cutting performance of surgical electrodes.

关键词： surgical electrodes tissue adhesion thermal injury bionic structures cutting performance medical tools

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A survey of model-driven techniques and tools for cyber-physical systems

Bo Liu, Yuan-rui Zhang, Xue-lian Cao, Yu Liu, Bin Gu, Tie-xin Wang,liubocq@swu.edu.cn,gubinbj@sina.com,tiexin.wang@nuaa.edu.cn

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第21卷第11期页码 1535-1670 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000311

摘要： (CPSs) have emerged as a potential enabling technology to handle the challenges in social and economic sustainable development. Since it was proposed in 2006, intensive research has been conducted, showing that the construction of a CPS is a hard and complex engineering process due to the nature of integrating a large number of heterogeneous subsystems. Among other approaches to dealing with the complex design issues, model-driven design of CPSs has shown its advantages. In this review paper, we present a survey of research on model-driven development of CPSs. We are concerned mainly with the widely used methods, techniques, and tools, and discuss how these are applied to CPSs. We also present comparative analyses on the surveyed techniques and tools from various perspectives, including their modeling languages, functionalities, and the challenges which they address in CPS design. With our understanding of the surveyed methods, we believe that es are an inevitable choice in building CPSs and further research effort is needed in the development of model-driven theories, techniques, and tools. We also argue that a unified modeling platform is needed. Such a platform would benefit research in the academic community and practical development in industry, and improve the collaboration between these two communities.

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Design and analysis of a class of redundant collaborative manipulators with 2-dimension large rotational angles

Xiaodong JIN, Yuefa FANG, Dan ZHANG, Xueling LUO

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2020年第15卷第1期页码 66-80 doi: 10.1007/s11465-019-0570-x

摘要： The parallel spindle heads with high rotational capability are demanded in the area of multi-axis machine tools and 3D printers. This paper focuses on designing a class of 2R1T (R: Rotation; T: Translation) parallel spindle heads and the corresponding collaborative 5-axis manipulators with 2-dimension (2D) large rotational angles. In order to construct 2D rotational degrees of freedom (DOF), a platform with 2-dimension revolute joints is proposed first. Based on the constraint screw theory, the feasible limbs that can be connected in the platform are synthesized. In order to provide constant rotational axis for the platform, a class of redundant limbs are designed. A class of redundant 2R1T parallel spindle heads is obtained by connecting the redundant limbs with the platform and the redundant characteristics are verified by the modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion. The corresponding 5-axis collaborative manipulators are presented by constructing a 2-DOF series translational bottom moving platform. The inverse kinematics and the orientation workspace as well as the decoupling characteristics of this type of 2R1T parallel spindle heads are analyzed. The results show that these manipulators have large 2D rotational angles than the traditional A3/Z3 heads and can be potentially used in the application of multi-axis machine tools and the 3D printers.

关键词： parallel mechanism redundant mechanism large rotational angles machine tools 2R1T spindle head collaborative manipulator